Poland

Poland /ˈpoʊlənd/ (help·info) (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi),^[2] making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people,^[2] which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world^[4] and the most populous Eastern European Member State of the EU.

The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I, in 966 (see Baptism of Poland), when the state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. In 1025, Poland became a kingdom and in 1569, it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, by signing the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795 and Poland's territory was partitioned among Kingdom of Prussia, Russian Empire and Austria. Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after World War I, but lost it again in World War II, then occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Poland lost over six million citizens in World War II, emerging several years later as the socialist People's Republic of Poland within the Eastern Bloc, under strong Soviet influence.

During the Revolutions of 1989, communist rule was overthrown and Poland became what is constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Poland is a unitary state, made up of sixteen voivodeships (Polish: województwo). Poland is also a member of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Contents

• 1 History
  • 1.1 Prehistory
  • 1.2 Piast dynasty
  • 1.3 Jagiellon dynasty
  • 1.4 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  • 1.5 Partitions of Poland
  • 1.6 Reconstitution of Poland
  • 1.7 World War II
  • 1.8 Postwar Communist Poland
  • 1.9 Democratic Poland
• 2 Geography
  • 2.1 Rivers
  • 2.2 Geology
  • 2.3 Mountains and topography
  • 2.4 Lakes
  • 2.5 The coast
  • 2.6 The desert
  • 2.7 Land use
  • 2.8 Flora and fauna
  • 2.9 Climate
• 3 Government
  • 3.1 Administrative divisions
  • 3.2 Military
• 4 Demographics
  • 4.1 Metropolitan areas
  • 4.2 Religion
• 5 Economy
• 6 Science, technology and education
  • 6.1 Education
  • 6.2 Telecommunication and IT
• 7 Culture
  • 7.1 Famous people
  • 7.2 Cuisine
  • 7.3 Architecture
  • 7.4 Sports
  • 7.5 Varieties
• 8 International rankings
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

Republic of Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: None1
Anthem: Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka)
Location of Poland (dark green) – on the European continent (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union (light green) — [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Warsaw 52°13′N 21°02′E / 52.217°N 21.033°E / 52.217; 21.033
Official languages		Polish2
Demonym		Pole/Polish
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	Lech Kaczyński
-	Prime Minister	Donald Tusk
Formation
-	Christianisation4	14 April 966
-	Redeclared	11 November 1918
EU accession		1 May 2004
Area
-	Total	312,679 km2 (69th3) 120,726 sq mi
-	Water (%)	3.07
Population
-	2009 estimate	38,130,302[1] (34th)
-	December 2007 census	38,116,000[2] (34th)
-	Density	122/km2 (83rd) 319.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$666.052 billion[3]
-	Per capita	$17,482[3]
GDP (nominal)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$525.735 billion[3]
-	Per capita	$13,799[3]
HDI (2006)		▲ 0.875 (high) (39th)
Currency		Złoty (PLN)
Time zone		CET (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the		right
Internet TLD		.pl
Calling code		48