Sudan

Sudan (officially the Republic of the Sudan) (Arabic: السودان ‎al-Sūdān)[2] is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab World,[3] and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity, which is intertwined with the history of Egypt, with which it was united politically over several periods. Sudan's modern history has been plagued by civil wars stemming from ethnic, religious, and economic conflict between the Muslim Northern Sudanese (with Arab and Nubian roots), and the Christian and animist Nilotes of Southern Sudan.[4][5]
Sudan is (as of 2008) ranked as the second most politically unstable country in the world according to the Failed States Index, for its military dictatorship and the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur. However, despite its internal conflicts, Sudan has managed to achieve economic growth.

Capital
Khartoum15°31′N 32°35′E / 15.517°N 32.583°E / 15.517; 32.583
Largest city
Omdurman
Official languages
Arabic and English
Demonym
Sudanese
Government
Authoritarian democracy, consociationalist republic
-
President
Omar al-Bashir (NCP)
-
First Vice President
Salva Kiir Mayardit (SPLM)
-
Second Vice President
Ali Osman Taha (NCP)
Independence
-
from the United Kingdom
January 1, 1956
Area
-
Total
2,505,813 km2 (10th)967,495 sq mi
-
Water (%)
6
Population
-
2008 census estimate
39,154,490 [5] (33rd)
-
Density
14/km2 (194th)36/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2008 estimate
-
Total
$87.885 billion[1]
-
Per capita
$2,305[1]
GDP (nominal)
2008 estimate
-
Total
$57.911 billion[1]
-
Per capita
$1,519[1]
HDI (2007)
▲ 0.521 (medium) (148th)
Currency
Sudanese pound (SDG)
Time zone
East Africa Time (UTC+3)
-
Summer (DST)
not observed (UTC+3)
Drives on the
right
Internet TLD
.sd
Calling code
249

1 History of Sudan
1.1 Early history of Sudan
1.2 Christian kingdoms
1.3 The spread of Islam
1.4 Kingdom of Sinnar
1.5 Union with Egypt 1821-1885
1.6 Mahdist Revolt
1.7 Mahdist Rule: The Mahdiya
1.8 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899-1956
1.9 Independence 1st January 1956
1.10 First Sudanese Civil War 1955 - 1972
1.11 Second Sudanese Civil War 1983 - 2005
1.12 Southern Sudan
1.13 Darfur conflict and war crimes charges
1.14 Increase of slavery
1.15 Chad-Sudan conflict
1.16 Eastern Front
1.17 Humanitarian needs and 2007 floods
2 Politics and Government of Sudan
3 Foreign relations
4 Legal system
5 Human rights
6 States and districts
7 Autonomy, separation and conflicts
8 Geography
9 Economy
10 Demographics
10.1 Religion in Sudan
10.2 Peoples of Sudan
11 Languages
12 Culture
13 Education
14 See also
15 Bibliography
16 External links
17 Notes